Parallel.For

使用Parallel.For来完成并行循环的执行。

Parallel.For(0, 10, index => {
Console.WriteLine("Task ID {0}processing index: {1}",
Task.CurrentId, index);
});

Parallel.Foreach的使用

List<string> dataList = new List<string> {
"a", "bc", "cda","ddqf", "eqw", "af"
};
// process the elements of thecollection
// using a parallel foreach loop
Parallel.ForEach(dataList, item =>{
Console.WriteLine("Item {0} has{1} characters",
item, item.Length);
});

ParallelOptions

可以设置MaxDegreeOfParallelism：最大并发Task数。用法：

ParallelOptions options
= new ParallelOptions() { MaxDegreeOfParallelism= 1 };
Parallel.For(0, 10, options, index=> {
Console.WriteLine("For Index {0}started", index);
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine("For Index {0}finished", index);
});

终止并行循环

Parallel.For(0, 10, (int index,ParallelLoopState loopState) => {
if (index %2 == 0) {
loopState.Stop();
}
});

还可以使用loopState.Break()。区别在于，使用Break()终止的话，可以在外部获取LowestBreakIteration.Value和LowestBreakIteration.HasValue的值来判断循环终止时的值。

还可以将CancellationToken传入ParallelOption中：

ParallelOptions loopOptions =
new ParallelOptions() {
CancellationToken = tokenSource.Token
};
try {
Parallel.For(0, Int64.MaxValue,loopOptions, index => {
// do something just to occupy the cpufor a little
double result = Math.Pow(index, 3);
// write out the current index
Console.WriteLine("Index {0},result {1}", index, result);
// put the thread to sleep, just toslow things down
Thread.Sleep(100);
});
} catch (OperationCanceledException) {
Console.WriteLine("Caughtcancellation exception...");
}

在外部就可以捕捉OperationCanceledException这个异常。

在并行循环中使用TLS（Thread Local Storage）

int total = 0;
Parallel.For(
0,
101,
() => 0,
(int index, ParallelLoopStateloopState, int tlsValue) => {
tlsValue += index;
return tlsValue;
},
value => Interlocked.Add(ref total,value));
Console.WriteLine("Total:{0}", total);
// wait for input before exiting
Console.WriteLine("Press enter tofinish");
Console.ReadLine();

在以上代码中，并行实现从1加到100的过程。

使用PLINQ

int[] sourceData = new int[100];
for (int i = 0; i <sourceData.Length; i++) {
sourceData[i] = i;
}
IEnumerable<int> results =
from item in sourceData.AsParallel()
where item % 2 == 0
select item;
foreach (int item in results) {
Console.WriteLine("Item{0}", item);
}

并行LINQ的关键方法：AsParallel()。由于没有执行ToList()、ToArray()和ToDictionary()，因此在循环拿Result时才会执行这个PLINQ。

其他选项

如果需要并行执行后结果是排序好的可以使用：sourceData.AsParallel().AsOrdered()。

如果要强制并发执行可以使用：

sourceData.AsParallel() .WithExecutionMode(ParallelExecutionMode.ForceParallelism)

如果要限制并发量：

sourceData.AsParallel() .WithDegreeOfParallelism(2)

处理异常和Task是一样的，在外部捕捉AggregateException异常，不过要注意LINQ延迟执行的特点，要在foreach这里捕捉异常：

try {
foreach (double d in results) {
Console.WriteLine("Result{0}", d);
}
} catch (AggregateException aggException) {
aggException.Handle(exception => {
Console.WriteLine("Handledexception of type: {0}",
exception.GetType());
return true;
});
}

向PLINQ传入CancellationToken

void Main()
{

CancellationTokenSource tokenSource
= new CancellationTokenSource();
 
    int[] sourceData = new int[1000];
for(int i = 0;i < sourceData.Length; i++) {
sourceData[i]= i;
}

//define a query that supports cancellation
IEnumerable<double> results = sourceData
.AsParallel()
.WithCancellation(tokenSource.Token)
.Select(item=> {

return Math.Pow(item, 2);
Thread.Sleep(200);
});

Task.Factory.StartNew(()=> {
Thread.Sleep(2000);
tokenSource.Cancel();
Console.WriteLine("Token source cancelled");
});

try{
//enumerate the query results
foreach(double d in results) {
Console.WriteLine("Result:{0}", d);
}

} catch(OperationCanceledException) {
Console.WriteLine("Caught cancellation exception");
}
 
}