buildah 云原生时代的镜像打包利器-天翼云

buildah 简介：

buildah 是一个命令行工具，可用于

构建镜像
通过 Dockerfile 构建镜像
构建的 OCI 镜像格式，支持 docker 和其他镜像运行时使用
可以将 work-container 的根文件系统挂载到宿主机
可以卸载 work-container 的根文件系统
无需新增额外的镜像层

重要特性(一句话总结)

构建镜像不依赖 docker 等容器运行时，通过脚本化构建镜像，不会独立出镜像层，直接在原有镜像层修改。
构建的镜像不一定比 Dockerfile 构建的镜像小，正常构建的镜像是一般大。
适合流水线容器内构建镜像，脱离 docker-in-docker 的场景。
非常适合开发使用，脚本化构建方式，方便调整和使用。
构建的镜像，docker or podman 等其他容器运行时看不到。

buildah 构建镜像的三种方式

Dockerfile 构建

buildah 完全兼容 Dockerfile ，此种方式没有任何改造成本

https://github.com/containers/buildah/blob/main/docs/buildah-build.1.md

示例：

构建 centos-jdk-1.8.0_201 基础镜像

[root@docp2 java]# ls
Dockerfile  jdk
[root@docp2 java]# cat Dockerfile 
FROM docker.io/library/centos:centos7.9.2009
RUN mkdir -p /data && chown -R nobody:nobody /data
# 添加JDK包到/data目录
COPY --chown=nobody:nobody jdk /data/jdk
# 声明所需变量
ENV JAVA_HOME=/data/jdk \
    PATH=$PATH:/data/jdk/bin
    
# 构建命令, 如果 FROM 的镜像是私有仓库的，可添加参数 --tls-verify=false
[root@docp2 java]# buildah build -t 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk
STEP 1: FROM docker.io/library/centos:centos7.9.2009
STEP 2: RUN mkdir -p /data && chown -R nobody:nobody /data
STEP 3: COPY --chown=nobody:nobody jdk /data/jdk
STEP 4: ENV JAVA_HOME=/data/jdk     PATH=$PATH:/data/jdk/bin
STEP 5: COMMIT 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 174f56854903 skipped: already exists
Copying blob 822dfdc48d2c done
Copying config 69e8ee0cea done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
69e8ee0cea7fd15989b1a99649ee1cf1c16deeac55b51ef97d2b5ae00d3ac0dc
69e8ee0cea7fd15989b1a99649ee1cf1c16deeac55b51ef97d2b5ae00d3ac0dc

# 查看本地镜像，
[root@docp2 java]# buildah images 
REPOSITORY                 TAG              IMAGE ID       CREATED              SIZE
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk         69e8ee0cea7f   About a minute ago   611 MB
docker.io/library/centos   centos7.9.2009   eeb6ee3f44bd   17 months ago        212 MB

# 登录私有仓库
[root@docp2 java]# buildah --tls-verify=false login 10.0.2.196
Username (admin): admin
Password: 

# 推送镜像至私有仓库
[root@docp2 java]# buildah --tls-verify=false push 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 822dfdc48d2c done
Copying blob 174f56854903 done
Copying config 69e8ee0cea done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures

buildah 云原生时代的镜像打包利器

验证镜像

[root@docp2 java]# docker run -it --rm 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk java -version
Unable to find image '10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk' locally
test-jdk: Pulling from test/centos
785a5225acb1: Already exists 
dc20ff0d87a7: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:75c320da64e31d6bba202661fc37d89e0412bacecaa0e3146f9d53d4381224f6
Status: Downloaded newer image for 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk
java version "1.8.0_201"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_201-b09)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.201-b09, mixed mode)

脚本化构建（add + run）

我们需要了解 buildah 下边的几个简单命令

build from

构建 working-container，作为下边所有操作的工作容器、基础容器。

示例：

# 常用
buildah from imagename

# 不常用，但是某些场景可能会用到
buildah from --pull docker://myregistry.example.com/imagename
buildah from docker-daemon:imagename:imagetag
buildah from --name mycontainer docker-archive:filename
buildah from oci-archive:filename
buildah from --name mycontainer dir:directoryname
buildah from --pull-always --name "mycontainer" myregistry.example.com/imagename
buildah from --tls-verify=false myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah from --creds=myusername:mypassword --cert-dir ~/auth myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah from --authfile=/tmp/auths/myauths.json myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah from --memory 40m --cpu-shares 2 --cpuset-cpus 0,2 --security-opt label=level:s0:c100,c200 myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah from --ulimit nofile=1024:1028 --cgroup-parent /path/to/cgroup/parent myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah from --volume /home/test:/myvol:ro,Z myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah from -v /home/test:/myvol:z,U myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah from -v /var/lib/yum:/var/lib/yum:O myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah from --arch=arm --variant v7 myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag

查看工作容器

buildah containers

buildah add

将本地的文件 or 目录拷贝至工作容器中

buildah add containerID '/myapp/app.conf' '/myapp/app.conf'
buildah add --chown myuser:mygroup containerID '/myapp/app.conf' '/myapp/app.conf'
buildah add --chmod 660 containerID '/myapp/app.conf' '/myapp/app.conf'
buildah add containerID '/home/myuser/myproject.go'
buildah add containerID '/home/myuser/myfiles.tar' '/tmp'
buildah add containerID '/tmp/workingdir' '/tmp/workingdir'
buildah add containerID 'https://github.com/containers/buildah/blob/main/README.md' '/tmp'
buildah add containerID 'passwd' 'certs.d' /etc

buildah config

修改工作容器的相关配置，比如环境变量，容器用户，标签等等

buildah config --author='Jane Austen' --workingdir='/etc/mycontainers' containerID
buildah config --entrypoint /entrypoint.sh containerID
buildah config --entrypoint '[ "/entrypoint.sh", "dev" ]' containerID
buildah config --env foo=bar --env PATH=$PATH containerID
buildah config --env foo- containerID
buildah config --label Name=Mycontainer --label Version=1.0 containerID
buildah config --label Name- containerID
buildah config --annotation note=myNote containerID
# -表示将配置删除
buildah config --annotation note-
buildah config --volume /usr/myvol containerID
buildah config --volume /usr/myvol- containerID
buildah config --port 1234 --port 8080 containerID
buildah config --env 1234=5678 containerID
buildah config --env 1234- containerID
buildah config --os-version 10.0.19042.1645 containerID
buildah config --os-feature win32k containerID
buildah config --os-feature win32k- containerID

buildah run

工作容器内部运行命令，比如安装某个组件，或者创建目录等。

注意：多个命令执行，不可以使用 &&符号链接，这点和 Dockerfile 不一样，多个命令直接多行即可，不会新增新的镜像层。

buildah run containerID -- ps -auxw
buildah run --hostname myhost containerID -- ps -auxw
buildah run containerID -- sh -c 'echo $PATH'
buildah run --runtime-flag log-format=json containerID /bin/bash
buildah run --runtime-flag debug containerID /bin/bash
buildah run --tty containerID /bin/bash
buildah run --tty=false containerID ls /
buildah run --volume /path/on/host:/path/in/container:ro,z containerID sh
buildah run -v /path/on/host:/path/in/container:z,U containerID sh
buildah run --mount type=bind,src=/tmp/on:host,dst=/in:container,ro containerID sh

buildah commit

将工作容器提交为容器镜像

buildah commit containerID newImageName

示例

和上边一样，用脚本构建 centos-jdk-1.8.0_201 基础镜像

package.sh 脚本内容：

#!/bin/bash

containerID=$(buildah from centos:centos7.9.2009)
buildah config --label MAINTAINER="centos-jdk buildah" $containerID
buildah run $containerID -- mkdir -p data
buildah add --chown nobody:nobody $containerID 'jdk' '/data/jdk'

buildah config --env JAVA_HOME=/data/jdk --env PATH=$PATH:/data/jdk/bin $containerID
buildah config -u nobody:nobody $containerID

buildah commit $containerID 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-1
buildah push --tls-verify=false 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-1

执行步骤：

[root@docp2 java]# ls
Dockerfile  jdk  package.sh

# debug 查看运行过程，实际使用不需要 -x 参数
[root@docp2 java]# bash -x package.sh 
++ buildah from centos:centos7.9.2009
+ containerID=centos-working-container
+ buildah config --label 'MAINTAINER=centos-jdk buildah' centos-working-container
+ buildah run centos-working-container -- mkdir -p data
+ buildah add --chown nobody:nobody centos-working-container jdk /data/jdk
bbe72cabbcce735bf96673f124089e4da35d8a1a54864d6ab13d702c40ca0d20
+ buildah config --env JAVA_HOME=/data/jdk --env PATH=/opt/zookeeper/bin:/apps/httpd24/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/usr/local/go/bin/:/usr/local/node-v15.8.0-linux-x64/bin/:/data/jdk/bin centos-working-container
+ buildah config -u nobody:nobody centos-working-container
+ buildah commit centos-working-container 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-1
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 174f56854903 skipped: already exists
Copying blob 012de7153f1b done
Copying config d3c27e17a4 done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
d3c27e17a407ed7fcf0311bd151dc19594e59e4e010c98bd235f2b847d2447b3
+ buildah push --tls-verify=false 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-1
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 012de7153f1b done
Copying blob 174f56854903 skipped: already exists
Copying config d3c27e17a4 done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures

查看工作容器和生成的镜像，对比和 Dockerfile 生成的镜像大小

[root@docp2 java]# buildah containers 
CONTAINER ID  BUILDER  IMAGE ID     IMAGE NAME                       CONTAINER NAME
d01dc2e33578     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-container
[root@docp2 java]# buildah images
REPOSITORY                 TAG              IMAGE ID       CREATED              SIZE
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk-1       d3c27e17a407   About a minute ago   611 MB
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk         69e8ee0cea7f   33 minutes ago       611 MB
docker.io/library/centos   centos7.9.2009   eeb6ee3f44bd   17 months ago        212 MB

通过 harbor 也能看到镜像大小是否一致。

buildah 云原生时代的镜像打包利器

验证镜像

通过 java -version 验证镜像是否构建成功，发现初次运行还需要拉取镜像，此时就说明构建的镜像 docker 看不到。

[root@docp2 java]# docker run -it --rm 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-1 java -version
Unable to find image '10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-1' locally
test-jdk-1: Pulling from test/centos
785a5225acb1: Already exists 
ca5adcd1d444: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:777cc7b3f5bdfaafe73a233180486a85f2e9a3fcee51d9cab1655bfd7fd33b48
Status: Downloaded newer image for 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-1
java version "1.8.0_201"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_201-b09)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.201-b09, mixed mode)

脚本化构建（mount）

buildah mount

将工作容器挂载至宿主机目录，此特性可以规避掉 docker 中 cp 东西还需要依赖 tar 命令的问题，直接原生挂载，可以直接使用宿主机的命令，这样构建打包也方便了不少。

https://github.com/containers/buildah/blob/main/docs/buildah-mount.1.md

buildah mount working-container

buildah ummount

将挂载至宿主机目录的工作容器进行卸载。

buildah umount containerID

示例

和上边一样，用脚本构建 centos-jdk-1.8.0_201 基础镜像

package.sh 脚本内容：

#!/bin/bash

containerID=$(buildah from centos:centos7.9.2009)
buildah config --label MAINTAINER="centos-jdk buildah" $containerID

# 关键部分
containerDir=$(buildah mount $containerID)
mkdir -pv $containerDir/data
cp -a jdk $containerDir/data/jdk
buildah umount $containerID

buildah run $containerID -- chown -R nobody:nobody /data
buildah config --env JAVA_HOME=/data/jdk --env PATH=$PATH:/data/jdk/bin $containerID
buildah config -u nobody:nobody $containerID

buildah commit $containerID 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-2
buildah push --tls-verify=false 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-2

执行过程

[root@docp2 java]# bash -x package.sh 
++ buildah from centos:centos7.9.2009
+ containerID=centos-working-container-1
+ buildah config --label 'MAINTAINER=centos-jdk buildah' centos-working-container-1
++ buildah mount centos-working-container-1
+ containerDir=/var/lib/containers/storage/overlay/e69cc4957b7f3de3e4e2be5f7d90c29af760d17cdf7f8ecfe5eeaa01c3e0f215/merged
+ mkdir -pv /var/lib/containers/storage/overlay/e69cc4957b7f3de3e4e2be5f7d90c29af760d17cdf7f8ecfe5eeaa01c3e0f215/merged/data
mkdir: 已创建目录 "/var/lib/containers/storage/overlay/e69cc4957b7f3de3e4e2be5f7d90c29af760d17cdf7f8ecfe5eeaa01c3e0f215/merged/data"
+ cp -a jdk /var/lib/containers/storage/overlay/e69cc4957b7f3de3e4e2be5f7d90c29af760d17cdf7f8ecfe5eeaa01c3e0f215/merged/data/jdk
+ buildah umount centos-working-container-1
c8d2e33a4c8947b64620d6a39b5bacad2e7c523f26bc190391186b98f0ed0c9d
+ buildah run centos-working-container-1 -- chown -R nobody:nobody /data
+ buildah config --env JAVA_HOME=/data/jdk --env PATH=/opt/zookeeper/bin:/apps/httpd24/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/usr/local/go/bin/:/usr/local/node-v15.8.0-linux-x64/bin/:/data/jdk/bin centos-working-container-1
+ buildah config -u nobody:nobody centos-working-container-1
+ buildah commit centos-working-container-1 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-2
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 174f56854903 skipped: already exists
Copying blob 7632fc3b770d done
Copying config 2f2fdf4bb8 done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
2f2fdf4bb8fb06cc8d44573d92899da8cedd2086ed966198a2f5f3e2c394f22b
+ buildah push --tls-verify=false 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-2
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 7632fc3b770d done
Copying blob 174f56854903 skipped: already exists
Copying config 2f2fdf4bb8 done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures

查看工作容器和生成的镜像

[root@docp2 java]# buildah containers 
CONTAINER ID  BUILDER  IMAGE ID     IMAGE NAME                       CONTAINER NAME
d01dc2e33578     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-container
c8d2e33a4c89     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-container-1
[root@docp2 java]# buildah images 
REPOSITORY                 TAG              IMAGE ID       CREATED              SIZE
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk-2       2f2fdf4bb8fb   About a minute ago   611 MB
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk-1       d3c27e17a407   18 minutes ago       611 MB
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk         69e8ee0cea7f   50 minutes ago       611 MB
docker.io/library/centos   centos7.9.2009   eeb6ee3f44bd   17 months ago        212 MB

buildah 云原生时代的镜像打包利器

验证镜像

[root@docp2 java]# docker run -it --rm 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-2 java -version
Unable to find image '10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-2' locally
test-jdk-2: Pulling from test/centos
785a5225acb1: Already exists 
15b01d9a914a: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:ba119d8e116f34f4fbf43d840c39408afef47afe492deca8c6a4b95a4898adf2
Status: Downloaded newer image for 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk-2
java version "1.8.0_201"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_201-b09)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.201-b09, mixed mode)

其他常见命令

buildah login

登录镜像仓库

buildah --tls-verify=false login xxxxxxx

buildah containers

查看当前的 working container

buildah containers

buildah images

查看 buildah 中的镜像

buildah images

buildah copy

类似于 build add ，但是没有 add 拷贝tar包立即解压的功能

buildah copy containerID '/myapp/app.conf' '/myapp/app.conf'
buildah copy --chown myuser:mygroup containerID '/myapp/app.conf' '/myapp/app.conf'
buildah copy --chmod 660 containerID '/myapp/app.conf' '/myapp/app.conf'
buildah copy containerID '/home/myuser/myproject.go'
buildah copy containerID '/home/myuser/myfiles.tar' '/tmp'
buildah copy containerID '/tmp/workingdir' '/tmp/workingdir'
buildah copy containerID 'https://github.com/containers/buildah' '/tmp'
buildah copy containerID 'passwd' 'certs.d' /etc

buildah info

查看当前服务器节点的信息

buildah info

buildah inspect

查看容器的详细信息

buildah inspect containerID
buildah inspect --type container containerID
buildah inspect --type image imageID
buildah inspect --format '{{.OCIv1.Config.Env}}' alpine

buildah pull

拉取镜像

buildah pull imagename
buildah pull docker://myregistry.example.com/imagename
buildah pull docker-daemon:imagename:imagetag
buildah pull docker-archive:filename
buildah pull oci-archive:filename
buildah pull dir:directoryname
buildah pull --tls-verify=false myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah pull --creds=myusername:mypassword --cert-dir ~/auth myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah pull --authfile=/tmp/auths/myauths.json myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah pull --arch=aarch64 myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag
buildah pull --arch=arm --variant=v7 myregistry/myrepository/imagename:imagetag

buildah push

推送镜像至镜像仓库

buildah push imageID dir:/path/to/image
buildah push imageID oci:/path/to/layout:image:tag
buildah push imageID oci-archive:/path/to/archive:image:tag
buildah push imageID docker://registry.example.com/repository:tag
buildah push --digestfile=/tmp/mydigest imageID docker://registry.example.com/repository:tag
buildah push registry.example.com/my_image
buildah push --authfile /tmp/auths/myauths.json imageID docker://registry.example.com/repository:tag
buildah push imageID docker-daemon:image:tag
buildah push --tls-verify=false imageID localhost:5000/my-imageID
buildah push --cert-dir ~/auth --tls-verify=true --creds=username:password imageID localhost:5000/my-imageID

buildah rename

本地 working container 进行改名

[root@docp2 java]#  buildah containers
CONTAINER ID  BUILDER  IMAGE ID     IMAGE NAME                       CONTAINER NAME
d01dc2e33578     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-container
c8d2e33a4c89     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-container-1
[root@docp2 java]#  buildah rename d01dc2e33578 centos-working-11111
[root@docp2 java]#  buildah containers
CONTAINER ID  BUILDER  IMAGE ID     IMAGE NAME                       CONTAINER NAME
d01dc2e33578     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-11111
c8d2e33a4c89     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-container-1

buildah rm

删除 working container

[root@docp2 java]# buildah containers
CONTAINER ID  BUILDER  IMAGE ID     IMAGE NAME                       CONTAINER NAME
d01dc2e33578     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-11111
c8d2e33a4c89     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-container-1
[root@docp2 java]# buildah rm centos-working-11111
d01dc2e33578d3bf1f9eac0c89dde62f1e536a4a2ddf5de374a0035e30758ebb
[root@docp2 java]#  buildah containers
CONTAINER ID  BUILDER  IMAGE ID     IMAGE NAME                       CONTAINER NAME
c8d2e33a4c89     *     eeb6ee3f44bd docker.io/library/centos:cent... centos-working-container-1

buildah rmi

删除镜像

[root@docp2 java]# buildah images 
REPOSITORY                 TAG              IMAGE ID       CREATED             SIZE
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk-2       2f2fdf4bb8fb   24 minutes ago      611 MB
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk-1       d3c27e17a407   41 minutes ago      611 MB
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk         69e8ee0cea7f   About an hour ago   611 MB
docker.io/library/centos   centos7.9.2009   eeb6ee3f44bd   17 months ago       212 MB
[root@docp2 java]# buildah rmi 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk
untagged: 10.0.2.196/test/centos:test-jdk
69e8ee0cea7fd15989b1a99649ee1cf1c16deeac55b51ef97d2b5ae00d3ac0dc
[root@docp2 java]# buildah images 
REPOSITORY                 TAG              IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk-2       2f2fdf4bb8fb   25 minutes ago   611 MB
10.0.2.196/test/centos     test-jdk-1       d3c27e17a407   41 minutes ago   611 MB
docker.io/library/centos   centos7.9.2009   eeb6ee3f44bd   17 months ago    212 MB

buildah tag

对已存在的镜像新生成一个 tag 号

buildah tag imageName firstNewName
buildah tag imageName firstNewName SecondNewName

buildah unshare

独立运行 mount 更安全

buildah unshare id
buildah unshare pwd
buildah unshare cat /proc/self/uid_map /proc/self/gid_map
buildah unshare rm -fr $HOME/.local/share/containers/storage /run/user/`id -u`/run
buildah unshare --mount containerID sh -c 'cat /etc/os-release'

buildah version

查看 buildah 版本

 buildah version

活动

应用商城

合作伙伴

开发者

支持与服务

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buildah 云原生时代的镜像打包利器

buildah 云原生时代的镜像打包利器

buildah 简介：

重要特性(一句话总结)

buildah 构建镜像的三种方式

Dockerfile 构建

示例：

验证镜像

脚本化构建（add + run）

build from

buildah add

buildah config

buildah run

buildah commit

示例

验证镜像

脚本化构建（mount）

buildah mount

buildah ummount

示例

验证镜像

其他常见命令

buildah login

buildah containers

buildah images

buildah copy

buildah info

buildah inspect

buildah pull

buildah push

buildah rename

buildah rm

buildah rmi

buildah tag

buildah unshare

buildah version

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